AVYAYA

अव्ययानि (AVYAYANI)

• In Sanskrit grammar, Avyayas are indeclinable words that do not change their form despite gender, number, or case.
• They serve different syntactical functions like conjunctions, particles, adverbs, and prepositions.

1. च (Cha) - And, Also

- Used to connect two or more words or phrases.

Example:

• रामः लक्ष्मणश्च वनं गच्छतः। (Rama and Lakshmana go to the forest.)

2. अपि (Api) - Also, Even, Too

- Expresses inclusion, emphasis, or surprise.

Example:

• गजे अपि बुद्धिः अस्ति। (Even an elephant has intelligence.)

3. खलु (Khalu) - Indeed, Certainly

- Used for emphasis and affirmation.

Example:

• सत्यं खलु वचनं मम। (Indeed, my words are true.)

4. तु (Tu) - But, However

- Used to express contrast.

Example:

• रामः वीरः तु शान्तः। (Rama is brave, but peaceful.)

5. हि (Hi) - Because, Indeed

- Expresses cause or emphasis.

Example:

• सुखं हि जीवनस्य लक्ष्यं। (Happiness is indeed the goal of life.)

6. किल (Kila) - Truly, Certainly

- Used to reinforce a statement.

Example:

• महर्षिः किल तपस्वी। (The sage is certainly austere.)

7. ननु (Nanu) - Surely, Isn't it?

- Used for rhetorical questions.

Example:

• ननु सत्यं वदसि? (Surely, you speak the truth?)

8. वा (Vā) - Or

- Used to offer choices.

Example:

• चायं वा दुग्धं वा पिब। (Drink tea or milk.)

9. एव (Eva) - Only, Indeed

- Used for emphasis.

Example:

• सत्यं एव जयते। (Truth alone triumphs.)

10. पुनः (Punah) - Again

- Indicates repetition.

Example:

• सः पुनः आगच्छति। (He comes again.)

11. विना (Vinā) - Without

- Indicates absence.

Example:

• गुरोः विना विद्या न भवति। (Without a teacher, knowledge does not exist.)

12. उच्चैः (Ucchaih) - Loudly, High

- Expresses intensity or position.

Example:

• उच्चैः गानं करोति। (He sings loudly.)

13. ऋते (Ṛte) - Except, Without

- Used for exclusion.

Example:

• गुरोः ऋते शिष्यः किं करोति? (What does a student do without a teacher?)

14. एवम् (Evam) - Thus, In this way

- Indicates manner or agreement.

Example:

• एवं कुरु। (Do it in this way.)

15. सह (Saha) - With

- Denotes accompaniment.

Example:

• रामः लक्ष्मणेन सह गच्छति। (Rama goes with Lakshmana.)

16. सार्द्धम् (Sārdham) - Along with

- Similar to 'सह'.

Example:

• गुरुणा सार्द्धम् पठ। (Study along with the teacher.)

17. युगपत् (Yugapat) - Simultaneously

- Indicates simultaneous actions.

Example:

• सर्वे युगपत् गायन्ति। (All sing simultaneously.)

18. यथा-तथा (Yathā-Tathā) - Just as... so

- Expresses comparison.

Example:

• यथा राजा तथा प्रजा। (As is the king, so are the people.)

19. यावत्-तावत् (Yāvat-Tāvat) - As long as... so long

- Denotes duration.

Example:

• यावत् जीवति तावत् पठति। (As long as he lives, he studies.)

20. इति (Iti) - Thus, End quote

- Indicates conclusion.

Example:

• सः उक्तवान् - 'धर्मः रक्षति रक्षितः' इति। (He said, "Dharma protects those who protect it.")

21. यदा-तदा (Yadā-Tadā) - When... then

- Denotes time correlation.

Example:

• यदा मेघाः भवन्ति तदा वृष्टिः भवति। (When clouds form, then it rains.)

22. यदि-तर्हि (Yadi-Tarhi) - If... then

- Expresses conditionality.

Example:

• यदि पठसि तर्हि उत्तीर्णः भवसि। (If you study, then you pass.)

23. साकम् (Sākam) - Together with

- Indicates association.

Example:

• सः मित्रेण साकम् क्रीडति। (He plays together with his friend.)

24. न (Na) - Not

- Denotes negation.

Example:

• सः गच्छति, न तु पठति। (He goes, but does not study.)

25. कुत्र (Kutra) - Where?

- Used as an interrogative.

Example:

• कुत्र गच्छसि? (Where are you going?)

26. कति (Kati) - How many?

- Used to ask quantity.

Example:

• कति पुस्तकानि अस्ति? (How many books are there?)

27. कुतः (Kutaḥ) - From where?

- Expresses origin.

Example:

• कुतः आगच्छसि? (From where do you come?)

28. किमर्थम् (Kimartham) - Why?

- Asks for a reason.

Example:

• किमर्थं पठसि? (Why do you study?)

29. कियत् (Kiyat) - How much?

- Asks for measurement.

Example:

• कियत् मूल्यं? (How much is the price?)

30. इह (Iha) - Here

- Indicates location.

Example:

• इह आगच्छ। (Come here.)

31. अत्र (Atra) - Here

- Indicates something present at the speaker's location.

Example:

• अत्र उपविश। (Sit here.)

32. तत्र (Tatra) - There

-Refers to a place away from the speaker.

Example:

• तत्र गच्छ। (Go there.)

33. सर्वत्र (Sarvatra) - Everywhere

- Indicates omnipresence.

Example:

• सर्वत्र जलं अस्ति। (Water is everywhere.)

34. अन्यत्र (Anyatra) - Elsewhere

- Refers to another location.

Example:

• अन्यत्र गच्छामः। (Let us go elsewhere.)

35. एकत्र (Ekatra) - At one place

- Indicates a singular location.

Example:

• एकत्र मिलामः। (Let us meet at one place.) (Here, there, everywhere, elsewhere, at one place) Indicate various locations.

36. सदा (Sadā) - Always

- Denotes frequency.

Example:

• सः सदा सत्यं वदति। (He always speaks the truth.)

These Avyayas play an essential role in Sanskrit grammar, adding clarity and coherence to sentences.