HUMAN BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS
The bulbourethral glands are small but important structures in the male reproductive system, playing a role in the preparation of the urethra for ejaculation.
LOCATION AND STRUCTURE:
- The bulbourethral glands, also known as Cowper's glands, are two small, pea-sized glands located beneath the prostate gland.
- They are situated at the base of the penis, on either side of the urethra, within the bulbospongiosus muscle.
- Each gland measures about 1-2 cm in length.
DIMENSIONS:
- Each gland is approximately 1-2 cm long and 0.5 cm in diameter.
- The ducts of the bulbourethral glands open into the spongy urethra, just below the prostate.
FUNCTION:
- The primary function of the bulbourethral glands is to produce clear, viscous fluid, often referred to as pre-ejaculatory fluid or pre-cum.
- This fluid acts to lubricate the urethra and neutralize any acidic residue from urine, ensuring a safer passage for sperm during ejaculation.
- It also helps to prepare the urethra for the passage of sperm, protecting the sperm from potential damage from urine's acidity.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE:
- Bulbourethral gland infection or inflammation (Cowper's gland infection) is rare but can cause pain, swelling, and discomfort during urination or ejaculation.
- Bulbourethral gland cysts can occur, though they are typically asymptomatic. If large, they may cause discomfort or difficulty urinating.
- In certain cases of erectile dysfunction, the bulbourethral glands may be evaluated for potential underlying causes.
MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE:
- The bulbourethral glands are made up of tubuloalveolar glands, lined by columnar epithelial cells.
- These glands are richly vascularized and have a mucous secretion, which is released through their ducts into the urethra.
